| Computer Science: |
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The field of computer hardware and software. It includes
systems analysis & design, application and system
software design and programming and datacenter operations.
For young students, the emphasis is typically on learning
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| History of Computer Science: |
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The history of computer science predates the invention
of the modern digital computer by many years.
Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks
have existed since antiquity, such as the abacus.
Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator
in 1623. Charles Babbage designed a difference
engine in Victorian times, and around 1900 the
IBM corporation sold punch-card machines. However
all of these machines were constrained to perform
a single task, or at best, some subset of all
possible tasks.
Prior to the 1950s,
the term computer referred to a human clerk who
performed calculations. Early researchers in what
came to be called computer science, such as Kurt
Gödel, Alonzo Church, and Alan Turing, were
interested in the question of computability: what
things can be computed by a human clerk who simply
follows a list of instructions with paper and
pencil, for as long as necessary, and without
ingenuity or insight? Part of the motivation for
this work was the desire to develop computing
machines that could automate the often tedious
and error-prone work of a human computer. Their
key insight was to construct universal computing
systems capable (in theory) of performing all
possible computable tasks, and thus generalising
all previous dedicated-task machines into the
single notion of the universal computer. The creation
of the concept of a universal computer marked
the birth of modern computer science.
During the 1940s,
as newer and more powerful computing machines
were developed, the term computer came to refer
to the machines rather than their human predecessors.
As it became clear that computers could be used
for more than just mathematical calculations,
the field of computer science broadened to study
computation in general. Computer science began
to be established as a distinct academic discipline
in the 1960s, with the creation of the first computer
science departments and degree programs. Since
practical computers became available, many applications
of computing have become distinct areas of study
in their own right.
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| Major Achievements: |
Despite its relatively short history as a formal academic
discipline, computer science has made a number of fundamental
contributions to science and society. These include:
* A formal definition
of computation and computability, and proof that there
are computationally unsolvable and intractable
problems.
* The concept of a programming language, a tool for
the precise expression of methodological information
at various levels of abstraction.
* The theory and practice of compilers for translating
between programming languages
* Practical applications: the PC, the internet, search
engines, scientific computing |
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| Relationship with other fields: |
Despite its name, much of computer science does not
involve the study of computers themselves. In fact,
the renowned computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra is often
quoted as saying, "Computer science is no more
about computers than astronomy is about telescopes."
The design and deployment of computers and computer
systems is generally considered the province of disciplines
other than computer science. For example, the study
of computer hardware is usually considered part of computer
engineering, while the study of commercial computer
systems and their deployment is often called information
technology or information systems. Computer science
is sometimes criticized as being insufficiently scientific,
a view espoused in the statement "Science is to
computer science as hydrodynamics is to plumbing"
credited to Stan Kelly-Bootle and others. However, there
has been much cross-fertilization of ideas between the
various computer-related disciplines. Computer science
research has also often crossed into other disciplines,
such as artificial intelligence, cognitive science,
physics (see quantum computing), and linguistics.
Computer science is considered by some
to have a much closer relationship with mathematics
than many scientific disciplines. Early computer science
was strongly influenced by the work of mathematicians
such as Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing, and there
continues to be a useful interchange of ideas between
the two fields in areas such as mathematical logic,
category theory, domain theory, and algebra.
The relationship between computer science
and software engineering is a contentious issue, which
is further muddied by disputes over what the term
"software engineering" means, and how computer
science is defined. Some people believe that software
engineering is a subset of computer science. Others,
taking a cue from the relationship between other engineering
and science disciplines, believe that the principal
focus of computer science is studying the properties
of computation in general, while the principal focus
of software engineering is the design of specific
computations to achieve practical goals, making them
different disciplines. This view is promulgated by
David Parnas. Still others maintain that software
cannot be engineered at all.
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